You may be able to get it to work on other systems if you copy / port some of the necessary Apple bits. You'd have to copy the iOS SDKs from Xcode and get ld64 [0] / codesign [1] (both open source) to build on non-Mac machines. Perhaps some resource file prep tools as well. Then you could use libimobiledevice [2] and friends to push apps to the phone and debug them.
[0]: http://www.opensource.apple.com/source/ld64/ld64-136/ (unfortunately the last source release is from Xcode 4.6, 2 releases behind current)
[1]: http://www.opensource.apple.com/source/security_systemkeycha...
[2]: http://www.libimobiledevice.org/