"Battery electric may work at some smaller scales such as local ferries but not for moving 100,000 tons across oceans"
It would definitely also work for 100 000 tons, but then a sizable percentage of those 100 000 tons will be battery and not freight. Unless the ship should make stops all the time to recharge, which is expensive as well, so no, batteries are not a economical solution for freight ships.
It would definitely also work for 100 000 tons, but then a sizable percentage of those 100 000 tons will be battery and not freight. Unless the ship should make stops all the time to recharge, which is expensive as well, so no, batteries are not a economical solution for freight ships.
But fuel cells might be a solution
https://www.fraunhofer.de/en/press/research-news/2021/march-...