smalley
Joined 14 years ago
Joined 14 years ago
I suppose what winds up where is up to the memory controller but (for DDR5) in each BL16 transaction beat you're usually getting 32 bits of data value and 8 bits of ECC (per sub channel). Those ECC bits are usually called check bits CB[7:0] and they accompany the data bits DQ[31:0] .
If you're talking about transactions for LPDDR things are a bit different there, though as that has to be transmitted inband with your data
There's a pretty good set of diagrams and descriptions of the faults in this paper https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3725843.3756089.
Also to the parent: there's an updated public paper on DDR4 era fault observations https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10071066
The overall CPU Market Share number also includes both IoT and SoC numbers which are not included in the other numbers and in which Intel's shipments have declined substantially while AMDs SoC products (including game consoles) are making up a large number. This is what's responsible for the disparity.
They also added that the data was distributed with a helpful clarifying note the news articles are mostly omitting:
* Please keep in mind that due to the inventory corrections taking place, that the statistics and share movements reported here in the past few quarters -- and likely for the first half of 2023 -- are more reflective of the suppliers differing in the depth and timing of their inventory corrections, rather than indicating sales-out share of the PC market, which is something we probably won't know with any accuracy until late in 2023. *
Measure Response: Determine what an adversary nation does in response to the violation (what resources are scrambled, where do they come from etc)
Messaging: All the permutations of two sets of government folks trying to send a message the pair mutually understand re: defense etc
Tie up resources: Low cost provocation may divert higher cost resources and tie them up for a longer period of time since its a dwelling threat
Acquire signal information: Use sensors and measurement systems outside of the threat to measure the locations and signatures of tracking systems deployed to assess and monitor the threat
Deploy lightweight physical payloads: dust something of interest over an area etc
One pretty consistent way to see this is to ask for various very simple designs like a n-bit adder, it will almost always do something logically incorrect or syntactically incorrect with the carry in or carry out
For those who do find themselves bothered by this kind of thing, these projects are almost always a few layers deep on what they're actually researching. I would assume this is more fun demo with a potential economic application in large scale roasting but that the research value (and intern training value) are in the general research area of broad solar concentrator R&D. If you look at the publication history for the folks involved you'll see a lot of papers on molten salt solar concentrators (materials, plant design, physics of etc).
Sandia does a lot of really interesting and valuable research (across all the sites but NM and CA in particular).
I would assume if that law passed the simplest compliance would just be to charge subscriptions and stop selling games directly. It seems like doing that would comply with that law without requiring much to change?