avernon

Hub and spoke is primarily used to fill large planes. If you have 10-20 passenger electric planes you'd land at some random county airport, eat a hamburger or a taco while the plane recharges, then get back on the same plane and finish the trip. So you'd have a layover like hub and spoke but all the concerns about missing connections go away.

Yes, I read the underlying paper a while back. It only looks at the very first step of a Dow-like process, before any electrochemistry happens. Instead of dumping hydroxide in a tank, they expose it to hydroxide in a serpentine flow path. When I was reading into this before calcium didn't seem to be too big of a problem for the Dow process because the calcium compounds are more soluble than magnesium hydroxide. They were actually adding more calcium with the lime. So their comparison may be to a different method than the Dow Process. It didn't seem particularly useful.

Then you neutralize the magnesium hydroxide with hydrochloric acid to make Magnesium chloride and do molten salt electrolysis on it to make pure magnesium and chlorine.

They mention that they are doing electrochemistry. A huge portion of historical magnesium production is from electrolysis, including the only operating plant in the US. Past methods have used lime to precipitate magnesium (Dow) or evaporation ponds to concentrate it (the current Utah plant). Probably the new thing they are doing is using something like Chlor-Alkali to make base that precipitates the magnesium instead of using lime. Then the electrolysis of molten magnesium salts would be similar to products of today. There is some chance they have improvements in these areas, but there are really only so many options. The job descriptions they've posted support this hypothesis.

Recently most magnesium comes from China. They mine ore, throw it in a coal-fired furnace along with some reducing agents, then collect pure magnesium vapor. This process is more labor and energy intensive, but has significantly less CAPEX. Works for China.

Chlor-alkali is more expensive than lime and the back-end electrolysis is more expensive than thermal reduction. So I'd be skeptical they are going to lower costs without some kind of CAPEX reducing magic for molten salt electrolysis.

In this case it is boil sodium, condense sodium to heat air, run air through turbine.

Quaise wants to use old coal plants. So yes if you can drill down super deep to hot enough temperatures.

Will your system be robust to changes in solar farm design? Like if the industry goes towards the Erthos model of installing panels on the ground without racking or trackers?

Germany has a 220 euro/kWh feed in tariff subsidy for geothermal.

Drilling cost is usually estimated for drilling in sedimentary rock with assumptions about how casing is run ;)

It is possible that drilling 30,000' of granite has conditions that make the estimation model irrelevant. 5 km isn't really deep enough, anyway. My next post will cover the thermo. It is pretty dang hard to get down to anything approaching $50/MWh. Definitely need more than cheap drilling.

Tesla was founded in 2003, Rivian in 2009. So Tesla took five years to start Roadster production, while Rivian has taken 12 years until first customer deliveries. Maybe Rivian will ramp faster. Sam Korus tracks the numbers and so far Tesla is ramping faster than Ford, making it the fastest ramping car manufacturer in American history. I wouldn't be surprised if some Chinese companies could go faster. It is much faster than what Toyota did. They are very methodical, which is why they have almost zero pure EV sales.

The data is observational, which generally means you should ignore it. It is too noisy.

There were those studies that showed moderate alcohol use improved health and only heavy drinkers saw detrimental health effects. The problem was that "no drinking" group included people that weren't drinking because of poor health. Later studies compared drinking vs. a "no drinking" sample of people that drank around two glasses of wine per year. The improved health effects completely disappeared. The more you drink, the worse it is for your health.

So this study is like that in using a potentially unhealthy comparison group. They try to offset that a little by also throwing in people that quit drinking. But it is likely that some people quit drinking because of health problems. So I'd guess that this study has the same problem with an unhealthy comparison group. The study probably can't tell you what the actual relationship between alcohol use and dementia with any authority.

The people I know with electric cars charge at home the vast majority of the time. Swapping adds a lot of complexity and cost in the pack design. NIO is doing swaps as another commenter pointed out, but more customers in China live in apartments. In the end, I think charging stations will be ubiquitous, even for apartment dwellers, and swaps will be rare.

The problem here is the form factor of the cell as much as the chemistry. Pouch style cells are very difficult to regulate temperature in. This is a key reason why other automakers like Tesla use the small cylinder cells. Chinese companies like BYD have always used lithium iron phosphate. It has less energy density than lithium nickel batteries like NCA and NMC, but is cheaper. The patent was never taken out in China and the key patent expires for the rest of the world in April 2022. As much as 3/4 of vehicle batteries might end up being LFP. Improvements in the chemistry and less need for cooling systems and packaging mean its disadvantages aren't so glaring. Plus there aren't enough nickel mines to supply the coming avalanche of demand. Lithium, iron, and phosphate are plentiful.

This must be surprising to people, but the prairie co-evolved with ruminants like cows and buffalo. It literally dies and undergoes desertification without them. Buffalos can't breed fast enough to fill this niche for a long time. If we want healthy prairie we will have to have herds of cattle munching on the grass whether we choose to eat them or not.

I think there are enough hackers that come from agricultural communities to give it a little boost. If I had discussed whether cows were evil or not, it looks like it might have gone to the front page!

It is hard to predict consumer taste, but I do think there will be some people that want beef on the hoof. And if you are utilizing holistic management type processes the biggest cost is the land. So the land price can flex down to make grass finished beef more competitive in a way that is harder for feedlots. And there is a lot of crop land, like in Western Kansas, that isn't really sustainable as crop land because they are lowering the water table pretty fast. So that will all go back to range land. Grazing land is already pretty cheap, 1000-1500/acre in most places. They can handle a haircut better than prime land in Iowa that is $5000-$10,000 acre. So more grazing land, more hobby farm and exurb like development. The worst off people are going to be large landowners with prime cropland. It could be a pretty big compression of the Gini coefficient where people that own less land can find other jobs from remote work or better transportation and end up better off even if their land value declines a lot. If your family owns a 10,000 acre corn and soybean farm, labor income can't replace the lost land value.

Did you choose batteries for the first version to simplify the power train? Also, why use hydrogen instead of a cheaper, buoyant neutral fuel like propane? If you are worried about the carbon, you can always buy direct air capture credits.