advantager
Joined 11 years ago
Joined 11 years ago
However that number is not zero in the Lower Colorado River basin. I work in groundwater modeling for various clients in the desert southwest, the number we assume for agricultural return flow recharge varies based on crop type and other factors. 90% is an overestimate, 0% is an underestimate
Government debt is a byproduct of government spending. The primary purpose of government spending is to inject money into the economy, creating demand and stimulating economic activity. When the government spends more than it collects in taxes, it runs a deficit and issues debt as a way to accommodate the excess spending.
Taxes are thus a tool to manage inflation. By reducing the amount of money in circulation, taxes help prevent excessive demand that could lead to inflationary pressures.
(Modern Monetary Theory)
Groundwater "age" is typically considered in terms of residence time, that is the period of time between entering the subsurface and exiting at some discharge location. These analyses are often based upon the hydrogeochemistry and the decay rate of known isotopes, hence the mass spectrometer.
Shallow, unconfined aquifers often contain "young" groundwater, on the order of decades or centuries. For example snow melts on a mountain, downhill into a flatter coarse grained area where it enters the groundwater system. The groundwater then moves downdip along the bedrock contour through and into the deeper alluvial basin, eventually naturally discharging into a river or is pumped out at a well.
It would be interesting to read their paper to understand how they (i.e. what isotope) can date back to 1.6 billion years.
https://books.gw-project.org/groundwater-in-our-water-cycle/...
Where I live in Southern Arizona, re-population efforts for bighorn sheep have been successful in the mountain ranges near cities (Tucson). Access to these ranges from nearby "naturally" populated areas (50+ mile distances) requires crossing the interstate, fenced in train tracks, ranches, and extensive urban development. Since their extermination from certain areas, this has not happened naturally (and is arguably not possible). I think similar arguments could be made for the Mexican Wolf population in the southwest.
I agree in principle that ecosystems will re-equilibrate on their own, but given the current state of human development certain areas would remain off-limits for various animals without human intervention, maybe leading to certain species or subspecies becoming extinct. I'm no wildlife biologist but would defer to one on this topic.
The problem I find is that it is basically mindless engagement, everything is really too short to get into it, the comments are garbage, and it's extremely entertaining and therefore addictive and a waste of my free time.
I do believe that the Rush style radio talk show lays the foundation for Tucker Carlson and all of the conservative pundit TV programming. Which is the basis for the problems we see with Facebook / Fake News etc.
Our son demanded by wailing or screaming to be held during all waking until at least 12 months, including sleeping for more than 10 minutes alone. I worked from home during this period and I cannot fathom having been at home alone with him and attending any meeting or focusing on a task in a realistically productive way.