In this attack, it sounds like the key step was that the user entered their username and password, thinking they were preparing to enter a passkey. It wasn't the passkey system itself (which would prevent this attack), it was the transition from password → passkey system that was attacked.
In any case, if you can get the user on the phone and convince them to let you walk them through a bespoke auth flow, I doubt there is any auth mechanism that would stop this. This is why every auth system these days is constantly telling you "We'll never ask for X", because at that point, the game is over.
In any case, if you can get the user on the phone and convince them to let you walk them through a bespoke auth flow, I doubt there is any auth mechanism that would stop this. This is why every auth system these days is constantly telling you "We'll never ask for X", because at that point, the game is over.