The statement that the set has 1 member is my criticism of the text, not what the text is trying to say.
> given n species and the n * (n - 1) binary combinations possible, there are no examples of the said observation
I would expect that in the vast majority of combinations, those n species are not intelligent enough to make decisions for another species, making the statement nearly useless.
> given n species and the n * (n - 1) binary combinations possible, there are no examples of the said observation
I would expect that in the vast majority of combinations, those n species are not intelligent enough to make decisions for another species, making the statement nearly useless.