I don't believe your chronology is correct: affirmative action was first implemented in the U.S. in 1961, with widespread implementation not until the late 1960s, but there were already many poverty-ridden black ghettoes in the 1950s.
(And the areas talked about in this article have been full of grinding poverty for their entire existence, with most of their inhabitants being slaves prior to the 1860s, and then desperately poor from the 1860s to today.)
(And the areas talked about in this article have been full of grinding poverty for their entire existence, with most of their inhabitants being slaves prior to the 1860s, and then desperately poor from the 1860s to today.)