"relatively clean" means 85% of PM2.5 is from non-exhaust sources, and 15% is from exhaust after catalytic conversion. In New York EV and ICE are pretty much on par when it comes to this category of pollution, as the additional weight increases non exhaust sources.
Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S13522...
It is different in Africa, where catalytic converters are harvested for precious metals and cars are driven without them.
It is different in Africa, where catalytic converters are harvested for precious metals and cars are driven without them.