Comment Comment by progval The pure Python code in the last example is more verbose than it needs to be. groups = {} for row in filtered: key = (row['species'], row['island']) if key not in groups: groups[key] = [] groups[key].append(row['body_mass_g']) can be rewritten as: groups = collections.defaultdict(list) for row in filtered: groups[(row['species'], row['island'])].append(row['body_mass_g']) and variance = sum((x - mean) ** 2 for x in values) / (n - 1) std_dev = math.sqrt(variance) as: std_dev = statistics.stddev(values) parent progval 11 months ago