Comment by the__alchemist

Note: There are two standardized formats for this called SMILES and SELFIES. SMILES is much better supported, but SELFIES is more robust. I'm integrating them into some bio and chem software I'm working on.

You can do things like look up, using PubChem's API, similar molecules etc to a SMILES string.

I believe most molecule editors can load and save SMILES.