A quick example can be found with date. You can store it in ISO 8601 string and often it makes more sense as this is a shared spec between systems. But when it comes to actually display it, there's a lot of additional concerns that creep in such as localization and timezones. Then you need to have a data structure that split the components, and some components may be used as keys or parameters for some logic that outputs the final representation, also as a string.
So both the storage and presentation layer are strings, but they differs. So to reconcile both, you need an intermediate layer, which will contains structures that are the domain models, and logic that manipulate them. To jump from one layer to another you map the data, in this example, string to structs then to string.
With MVC and CRUD apps, the layers often have similar models (or the same, especially with dynamic languages) so you don't bother with mapping. But when the use cases becomes more complex, they alter the domain layer and the models within. So then you need to add mapping code. Your storage layers may have many tables (if using sql), but then it's a single struct at the domain layer, which then becomes many models at the presentation layer with duplicate information.
NOTE
That's why a lot of people don't like most ORM libraries. They're great when the models are similar, but when they start to diverge, you always need to resort to raw SQL query, then it becomes a pain to refactor. The good ORM libraries relies on metaprogramming, then they're just weird SQL.
So both the storage and presentation layer are strings, but they differs. So to reconcile both, you need an intermediate layer, which will contains structures that are the domain models, and logic that manipulate them. To jump from one layer to another you map the data, in this example, string to structs then to string.
With MVC and CRUD apps, the layers often have similar models (or the same, especially with dynamic languages) so you don't bother with mapping. But when the use cases becomes more complex, they alter the domain layer and the models within. So then you need to add mapping code. Your storage layers may have many tables (if using sql), but then it's a single struct at the domain layer, which then becomes many models at the presentation layer with duplicate information.
NOTE
That's why a lot of people don't like most ORM libraries. They're great when the models are similar, but when they start to diverge, you always need to resort to raw SQL query, then it becomes a pain to refactor. The good ORM libraries relies on metaprogramming, then they're just weird SQL.