Depends. The underlying issue for this bug is that the code involved crosses language boundaries (the Windows kernel and win32 libraries written in C and the application in C++). The code where the lifetime failure occurs is Windows code, not application code. However, the Windows code is correct in the context of the C language. The error is caused by an APC that calls exception-throwing C++ code, being pushed onto the waiting-in-C thread. This is a case of language-agnostic OS mechanisms conflicting with language-specific stack unwinding mechanisms.
This could only be made safe by the OS somehow imposing safety mechanisms on the binary level, or by wrapping all OS APIs into APIs of the safe language, where the wrappers have to take care to ensure both the guarantees implied by the language and the assumptions made by the OS APIs. (Writing the OS itself in a memory-safe language isn’t sufficient, for one because it very likely will still require some amount of “unsafe” code, and furthermore because one would still want to allow applications written in a different language, which even if it also is memory-safe, would need memory-correct wrappers/adapters.)
This is similar to the distinction between memory-safe languages like Rust where the safety is established primarily on the source level, not on the binary level, and memory-safe runtimes like the CLR (.NET) and the JVM.
This could only be made safe by the OS somehow imposing safety mechanisms on the binary level, or by wrapping all OS APIs into APIs of the safe language, where the wrappers have to take care to ensure both the guarantees implied by the language and the assumptions made by the OS APIs. (Writing the OS itself in a memory-safe language isn’t sufficient, for one because it very likely will still require some amount of “unsafe” code, and furthermore because one would still want to allow applications written in a different language, which even if it also is memory-safe, would need memory-correct wrappers/adapters.)
This is similar to the distinction between memory-safe languages like Rust where the safety is established primarily on the source level, not on the binary level, and memory-safe runtimes like the CLR (.NET) and the JVM.