For though-hole components which I use with my breadboard and for small bolts, nuts and washers I have glued together a few dozen matchboxes and inscribed them with component description.
For SMD resistors/capacitors I use an organizer box. Components within a certain range go into the same compartment together. For example, I have three compartments for resistors: ≤1k, 1k..≤10k, >10k.
SMD ICs are all in one box, each type in its own plastic bag, inscribed.
I also have a registry of everything I have. When I buy or use something, I update the registry.
I also have a registry of everything I have. When I buy or use something, I update the registry.