The bigger issue in those studies is to assume that absent of sexism/racism/etc., outcomes would be equal. Or in other words, that discrimination is solely responsible for outcome disparities. For example, it's been shown that the woman pay gap is largely explained by different life choices rather than sexism. And more men end up in prison, not because of sexism, but also because of life choices and perhaps, higher levels of testosterone.
In reality, there are many, many reasons that explain outcome disparities between groups and it's not safe to assume that disparities are caused by discrimination. Thomas Sowell has a great book on this topic, aptly named "Discrimination and Disparities".
In reality, there are many, many reasons that explain outcome disparities between groups and it's not safe to assume that disparities are caused by discrimination. Thomas Sowell has a great book on this topic, aptly named "Discrimination and Disparities".