Thanks for mentioning it! I've never heard of Teiid and it indeed does seem to have some architectural commonalities.
To me, the main differences look like they are 1. Teiid is mainly targeted at OLTP workloads, while OctoSQL is more OLAP-oriented; 2. OctoSQL is to be used as a standalone CLI, while Teiid integrates into your Java Application (if I understand their docs correctly).
To me, the main differences look like they are 1. Teiid is mainly targeted at OLTP workloads, while OctoSQL is more OLAP-oriented; 2. OctoSQL is to be used as a standalone CLI, while Teiid integrates into your Java Application (if I understand their docs correctly).