Web components have been a possible build target for Vue for a while. It seems totally possible to set up a Vue project like you’ve suggested, use all the Vue conventions & tooling, and output web components that you then use a la carte. Maybe I’m missing something about what you are looking for, but more details are here: https://vuejsdevelopers.com/2018/05/21/vue-js-web-component/
And I’m sure the same can be done in other frameworks.
And I’m sure the same can be done in other frameworks.