Probably Lie Theory, or at least the small subset of it that is relevant for robotics.
It has taken me a long time and a lot of work to understand it to the level I have, and I still have a lot more to learn. But it is a fascinating subject and a very elegant way to represent some very complex optimization problems.
It has taken me a long time and a lot of work to understand it to the level I have, and I still have a lot more to learn. But it is a fascinating subject and a very elegant way to represent some very complex optimization problems.