A subset of the studies you mention have in particular looked at illegal drug usage. Why are black people arrested at higher rates than white people if their rates of illegal drug use are the same? Surely it must be discrimination?
Not so fast. That's the conclusion often drawn, but at least one recent study has shown that Marijuana purchasing behavior differs significantly between blacks and whites.
From the study abstract: "Using trivariate probit regression with demographic, drug use, and drug market covariates, analyses reveal that African Americans are nearly twice as likely to buy outdoors (0.31 versus 0.14), three times more likely to buy from a stranger (0.30 versus 0.09), and significantly more likely to buy away from their homes (0.61 versus 0.48). These results provide an additional explanation for the differential in arrest rates between African Americans and Whites."
Not so fast. That's the conclusion often drawn, but at least one recent study has shown that Marijuana purchasing behavior differs significantly between blacks and whites.
From the study abstract: "Using trivariate probit regression with demographic, drug use, and drug market covariates, analyses reveal that African Americans are nearly twice as likely to buy outdoors (0.31 versus 0.14), three times more likely to buy from a stranger (0.30 versus 0.09), and significantly more likely to buy away from their homes (0.61 versus 0.48). These results provide an additional explanation for the differential in arrest rates between African Americans and Whites."
Study: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7178364_Racial_diff...