Mileage may vary depending on language support, but vim does have a go to definition feature[1][2]. I believe there is also out box error checking for some languages, and if that is not enough for you (and at the risk of offending a large number of vim purists), there is a fantastic plugin called ALE[3] that will likely provide you with what you want.
1: https://vimhelp.org/pattern.txt.html#gd
2: https://vimhelp.org/pattern.txt.html#gD
3: https://github.com/dense-analysis/ale