I once saw a presentation from BSI (Germany Cyber Security Agency) where a researcher used computer vision / AR to create a video feed of a realistically looking ID card based on a simple paper copy of the card. They could add reflections and holograms to the paper copy that looked absolutely realistic, and they were able to use it to pass a video-based identification test (Video-Ident) that's widely used by banks in Germany to remotely validate the identity of new customers. The company then had to change their validation method by asking people to not only hold up and tilt the passport (to reveal the holograms) but to also pass their hand in front of it while holding it, which would lead the AR algorithm to fail.
So I'd say it's definitely possible to fool even a person let alone an algorithm, as you said it's questionable though if there aren't any easier ways for criminals to use stolen card numbers.
So I'd say it's definitely possible to fool even a person let alone an algorithm, as you said it's questionable though if there aren't any easier ways for criminals to use stolen card numbers.