I think we would have to understand better how instinctive behavior ends up affecting this kind of cognitive processes, but I think it would be possible. Examples that immediately come to mind would be some cats' aversion to cucumbers due to resemblance to snakes, or superprecociality [1] in newborn animals who can walk within minutes of being born or fly on the same day they hatch.
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precociality