The closest thing I can think of would be Algorithmic Information Theory[1]. Marcus Hutter has done some work with that vis-a-vis Artificial Intelligence[2][3][4]. And while it's not quite the same thing, you might find Pei Wang's NARS[5] approach of interest.
[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmic_information_theory
[2]: http://www.hutter1.net/ait.htm
[3]: http://www.hutter1.net/ai/uaibook.htm
[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIXI
[5]: https://cis.temple.edu/~pwang/papers.html