I've never used the Microsoft fonts on Linux, so maybe I'm completely misinterpreting your question, but if it's just a case of you wanting to know names of Microsoft fonts:
The classics:
- Times New Roman (Serif)
- Arial (Sans)
- Lucida Console (Mono)
ClearType fonts:
- Calibri (Sans; the default font in MS Office 2007 onwards)
- Constantia (Serif)
- Corbel (Sans)
- Cambria (Serif)
- Candara (Sans)
- Consolas (Mono)
And then they also use the Segoe family of fonts a lot in the Windows UI.
The classics:
- Times New Roman (Serif)
- Arial (Sans)
- Lucida Console (Mono)
ClearType fonts:
- Calibri (Sans; the default font in MS Office 2007 onwards)
- Constantia (Serif)
- Corbel (Sans)
- Cambria (Serif)
- Candara (Sans)
- Consolas (Mono)
And then they also use the Segoe family of fonts a lot in the Windows UI.
As for what (non-Microsoft) font I use, this one: https://mozilla.github.io/Fira/ (Sans and Mono)