The following list will introduce you to Western Economic Philosophy as it relates to modern history specifically. This list is weighted heavily toward neo-classical economics and does not get into computational model based economics - specifically microeconomics, which comprises the bulk of economics education today:
Schumpeter - History of economic analysis
Adam Smith - Theory of Moral Sentiments
Kaynes - The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money
Marx - Capital
Benjamin Graham - The Intelligent Investor
Galbraith - The Affluent Society
Galbraith - The Great Crash
Milton Friedman - Capitalism and Freedom
Nassim Taleb - Black Swan
Ron Suskind - Confidence Men
Scott Patterson - Dark Pools
If you want to delve into heterodox economics afterward, start with the following:
Hayek - Individualism and Economic Order
Mises - Human Action
Rothbard - Man, Economy, State
Schumpeter - History of economic analysis
Adam Smith - Theory of Moral Sentiments
Kaynes - The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money
Marx - Capital
Benjamin Graham - The Intelligent Investor
Galbraith - The Affluent Society
Galbraith - The Great Crash
Milton Friedman - Capitalism and Freedom
Nassim Taleb - Black Swan
Ron Suskind - Confidence Men
Scott Patterson - Dark Pools
If you want to delve into heterodox economics afterward, start with the following:
Hayek - Individualism and Economic Order
Mises - Human Action
Rothbard - Man, Economy, State