A large part of statistics is devoted to making valid inference from noisy samples, largely by making sensible assumptions. Even in your example, it is common practice to assess a surgeon on outcomes of surgery, even though a lot of a surgeon's work does not lead to surgery.
We aren't claiming to assess the wide practice of law, just litigation. We do Litigation Analytics.
We aren't claiming to assess the wide practice of law, just litigation. We do Litigation Analytics.